A Short History of Ethics Essay examples - 1283 Words

In chapters three and four of A Short History of Ethics, Alastair MacIntyre makes a clear distinction between two philosophical doctrines at loggerheads: the Sophists and Socrates. The Sophistic amalgam of personal success, lust and power is constantly interrogated by an interlocutor in an endless plight to reveal Sophistic ignorance, fruitless desires and the right to universal justice. MacIntyre identifies the codes of both parties, and further complements the debate with historic examples to conclude the social success (or lack thereof) and persuasion of both sides. MacIntyre begins by outlining the general amalgam of Sophistic theory: success. The aretà © (virtue) of a Sophist is to be a successful citizen through conforming to the†¦show more content†¦He then reasons that the Sophists believe in a non-moral conventional man; a Homeric persona who is shifted from one era of social acceptance to another (17). MacIntyre also disputes the criteria with which one can be â€Å"natural† and offers the second flaw: To be identified as selfish, unselfish, aggressive, and so on, one must be compared to the norms of the current society; or in other words, one must be described by socially established terminology (18). Therefore, what was to be pre-social/natural actually maintains some form of social likeness to allow for the comparison (or contrast). Sophistic theology is fed only by relativism. This personal truth confuses the difference between philosophy and the actions of a hypothetical natural man. Philosophy, being the quest for the universal truth, involves the philosopher remaining outside of society, yet fully understanding and questioning the social order. However, Sophism fails to distinguish the difference between this philosophical â€Å"standing out† from the way a natural man would act. MacIntyre follows up with the portrayal in Thrasymachean guise, â€Å"The wolf has to wear the sheep’s clothing of the conventional moral values† (18). Sophism accepts this con man behaviour to be moral, although the motives are solely power and pleasure. With this, MacIntyre reveals that the rhetoric of the Sophist must appease the interests of the public. Socrates’ perspectives inShow MoreRelatedLadder1385 Words   |  6 Pagesshow how ones â€Å"beliefs, accurate or not, affect quality of care received, and the importance of health care providers to dispel any misconceptions a patient may possibly have. The subject in this case study â€Å"Mia† jumped to the wrong conclusions. This short paper will use the Ladder of Influence, otherwise known as the â€Å"process of abstraction† to see how she (Mia) jumped to the wrong conclusion of being not wanted, or a burden in the ER came about and how it could have been prevented by putting focusRead MoreMerriem Webster Dictionary Defines Ethics As The Principles915 Words   |  4 PagesMerriem Webster Dictionary defines ethics as the principles of conduct governing an individual or a group; a guiding philosophy (Ethic). Moral concepts governing a groups behavior cannot â€Å"be examined and understood apart from their history (MacIntyre, 1). Behavior that is seen as go od and bad is depicted in ancient literature and poems. Iliad occurs during the Trojan War, circa 500 BC. Socrates (circa 470/469 – 399 BC) is known as one of the founders of modern philosophy; the Socratic Method isRead MoreAnalyzing The Vision Of Short Term Lenders Essay954 Words   |  4 Pagesbeen an increase of payday loans and short-term lenders representing sub-prime lending bussinesses. These institutions specialize in offering fast cash and fast loans, both of which are strongly advertised via different media platforms such as a website, television, andradio stations(Aldohni, 2013). Desperate consumers seeking these short-term financial solutions often end up with long-term financial disasters. The promise of easy credit without a credit history does not come cheap;sometimes costingRead MoreThe Ethics Of Business Ethics757 Words   |  4 Pagesdeciding what to do in certain situations, ethics is what guides an individual to act in a way that is good, or right. Th ose involved in business settings apply ethics to business situations, known as business ethics. It is expected of businesses, small and large, to follow business ethics. There is a particular framework businesses are to follow. However, the reoccurring news headlines of poor business ethics prove differently. Poor business ethics include bribery, corporate accounting scandalsRead MoreAldo Leopold’S Essay â€Å"The Land Ethic† Was Published In1122 Words   |  5 PagesAldo Leopold’s essay â€Å"The Land Ethic† was published in A Sand County Almanac. The short paper confronts the imperfections in the most common approaches in preserving the environment. Leopold’s answer is to develop a new branch of environmental ethics to model humanity’s ever-changing relationship with the environment. Leopold observantly describes the history of ethics, the meaning of community with the land and why it’s appropriate to do so. Toward the end of the essay – as the reader is ready forRead MoreKant s Impact On Ethics1389 Words   |  6 Pageslate 18th century. During this enthusiastic time period, there emerged a strong belief in the ability of human reason to help understand the world and solve its numerous problems- including ethical ones. Kant’s contribution to ethics has been very substantial, and although ethics is the field he’s had the most profound impact on, Kant also spent his time working in other areas, such as metaphysics and epistemology. Metaphysics is defined as â€Å"the branch of philosophy that deals with abstract conceptsRead MoreInfluences on Ethics1031 Words   |  5 PagesInfluences on Ethics: Experience, Media and the History of Ideas Micah Gaither University of Phoenix GEN/480 January 16, 2006 Influences on Ethics: Experience, Media and the History of Ideas: It can be difficult to come up with a method of evaluating decisions and forming unbiased opinions. To understand how ethics are influenced it is important to understand (1) how ethics are formed, (2) which forces are shaping them, and (3) what is a popular method of transmission. Chapters eight andRead MoreOverview of The Responsibility Project1029 Words   |  4 Pagesdiscusses ethics and morality in a modern context. The project is linked to many electronic conversations (blogs) that highlight positive social and organizational issues through role modeling and demonstrations of social challenges of the modern global world. This work will look specifically at a short film associated with ethics and morality as it impacts organizational ethics. (Liberty Mutual Co, 2012) The website responsibility-project.libertymutual.com, links to a group of short films thatRead MoreGenerational Affects in Business Ethics Essay1597 Words   |  7 PagesBusiness Ethics We are experiencing in our work force a changing of the guard, currently there are three generational groups that make up our workforce: The Baby Boomers, Generation X, and the Millennials, who for the past few years have begun to work together. However, what we are discovering is that because of the time frame of their births and the life altering affects during those times, it has influenced the values and objectives of each of these groups, ultimately affecting their ethics and valuesRead MoreThe Ethical Issue Of Physician Assisted Suicide1580 Words   |  7 PagesIn Nicomachean Ethics, Aristotle establishes that â€Å"every art and every inquiry, and similarly every action and pursuit, is thought to aim at some good and for this reason the good has rightly been declared to be that at which all things aim† and explains this through the dialectic of disposition, particularly between vice and virtue. In chapter four, Aristotle affirms that since â€Å"all knowledge and ev ery pursuit aims at some good†, we inherently seek the highest form which is known to both the masses

Re-Appropriated Fashion - 974 Words

Re-appropriated Fashion Cultural re-appropriation is extremely predominant in society today, especially in regards to fashion. One only needs to wait a couple decades after a trend goes out of style to eventually see its return into the hegemonic world. Many of the clothes in my own closet are derived from an ancestor that held an actual function or symbolism which over time has been recreated into a piece of clothing that is nothing more than a mainstream aesthetic apparel. High-waisted shorts were reintroduced in 2011, and oddly have been embraced by young women all across the nation, despite the previous norm of low-rise denim. Levi brand jeans first manufactured this unique style of short apparel in the early 1940s for women who†¦show more content†¦The cross is a highly respected symbol and having the cross laying on its side defeats the true symbolism of the cross. The upside down cross also found on clothing and accessories is highly disrespectful to the Christian Catholic religion for Saint Peter was crucified on an upside down cross for being a believer of Christ. People that have no cultural belief or understanding of the original cultural significance are using these items and stripping away the religious aspect and the true meaning of what it truly signifies in Catholic/Christian churches. Western society has an extensive fashion history, and history has a tendency to repeat itself. Re-appropriation destined to exist, and perhaps e ven increase with the growing access to different times and cultures that the world has gained through the power of technology. However, there is a fine line between modernizing an old style and commodifying an ethnic group. The difficulty is finding a way to clearly define that line. Our hegemonic generation is taking bits and pieces from different cultures and putting them together— a form of counter-bricolage. However, this method does not help the generation find a new meaning or a meaning at all. As Sturken and Cartwright wrote, â€Å"†¦We can see how mainstream culture, through the processes of hegemony and counter-hegemony, is constantly mining the margins of culture for meaning† (70). . WorkShow MoreRelatedThe Debate Over Unauthorized Use Of A Persons Art Work1599 Words   |  7 Pagesknow the definition, The MOCA in Los Angeles states, â€Å"To appropriate is to borrow. Appropriation is the practice of creating a new work by taking a pre-existing image from another context—art history, advertising, the media—and combining that appropriated image with new ones. Or, a well-known artwork by someone else may be represented as the appropriator’s own. Such borrowings can be regarded as the two-dimensional equivalent of the found object. But instead of, say, incorporating that â€Å"found† imageRead MoreImpact Of The Internet On Public Sphere Essay1619 Words   |  7 Pagesavailable to readers’ comments and online social networks, specially Facebook and Twitter, constitutes the two main territories we inquire in order to explore discourses on abortion and violence against women, paying close attention to those which (re)produce and reinforces gender stereotypes, include and circulate violent portrayals, and mobilize discriminatory content. How #NiUnaMenos became #NadieMenos and a no-so-subtle â€Å"pro-life† message In October 19, 2016, hundreds of thousands of womenRead MoreCultural Appropriation And Its Effect On Society Essay1505 Words   |  7 Pages(whites), and is seen as stripping it of its importance and intellectual properties.Cultural appropriation, it is something that we as a people should not accept nor should we ignore it.For it has been committed on many platforms such as music and fashion, and is a way to keep black people oppressed by stereotypes and strip them of their pride. Over the years cultural appropriation has become the norm in the music industry. Since the 1950s white musicians have been banking off of other culturesRead MoreThe New Black Of Music1280 Words   |  6 Pagestowards Azalea, especially during award shows, like the Grammys shows is bad for the community. Banks boldly states during her HOT97 album promotion radio interview: When they give these Grammys out, all it says to white kids is: oh yeah you re great, you re amazing, you can do whatever you put your mind to. And it says to black kids: you don t have s---. You don t own s---, not even the s--- you created for yourself, and it makes me upset. As hip-hop becomes more commercialize, the outlet forRead MoreThe People s History Of The United States Essay1442 Words   |  6 Pagespiss-poor in the realms of consensual and non-fetishizing miscegenation people didn t invent, they stole and tied up the trail in court and copyright. Betty Boop, The Lion Sleeps Tonight, almost all of the 20 s and 60 s today s rap tomorrow s fashion everything in between, and that s just from black people. I learned the hard way that whether it’s the prison community or the Asian American community, the academy will close ranks to keep that experiment with reality out. In a short period of timeRead MoreCultural Convergence And Cultural Culture2176 Words   |  9 Pageshappens unconsciously when two peoples share habits throughout their interaction. Culture Appropriation (CA), usually occurs consciously, when once people steal aspects of another s culture without giving them the credit. CA can vary from hair styles, fashion, language music and can pertain to ANY race. In the simplest form, cultural appropriation is theft.Culture is used to help affirm identity. CA takes away the significance / meaning of aspects of a culture and makes it into a trend, thus making theRead MoreCloud Computing : Information And Software Management Essay1262 Words   |  6 Pageselectronic grid over an Ethernet or the Internet. Cloud computer came into picture portraying an IT service model, which delivers a set of convenient, on demand and configurable computing services and resources to clients over a network in a self-service fashion, independent of device and location service provider interaction. Purpose and Characteristics The primary purpose cloud computing is to provide services under the settings of the modern IT environments. This requires increasing availability of servicesRead More Fashion and Reflexive Advertising Essay example3369 Words   |  14 Pagesalienated...and because the number of ads continues to increase (clutter), advertising has undermined its own effectiveness by unintentionally negating the ability and the desire of viewers to respond (Goldman and Papson, 83). Advertisers have appropriated this post-modern discourse of alienation, giving it a sign value that they can attach to their product. Alienation consequently becomes a means through which advertisers can differentiate their product; consumers can claim to distance themselvesRead MoreFeminism Is Not A Woman s Rights1583 Words   |  7 Pagesoff 3.5% from the first half of 2002. And that s despite adding drivers. (White 1) The per gallon excise tax in CA is 39.2 cents; this goes to maintaining roads and providing public transportation. If California levied a new temporary tax, or re-appropriated the earnings from the current taxes levied, a program providing a citywide particle scrubbing system could be paid for in a year and a half. At a estimated cost of $100,000 per unit- and the equivalent scrubbing of 250 cars, the amount of vehiclesRead MoreCultural Appropriation Is Not Inevitable And Not Ethical1754 Words   |  8 PagesRelevancy for target audiences is a large aspect of marketing to maintain interest within the target market. However, ethical and moral considerations need to be understood when using aspects of other cultures, especially when re-selling and mass marketing ideas that emerge organically within society (mainly minorities). Ethics can mean many different things, so in this essay there will be a general focus on cultural appropriation including basic information on why it is wrong and a comparison of

Communication Modes Free Essays

Communication There are other types of communication that are beyond the four basic types: face-to-face communication, spoken communications that is transmitted electronically, personally addressed written communication, and impersonal written communication. There is also visual communication. Visual communication is visual display of information, like maps, photos, signs, symbols and designs. We will write a custom essay sample on Communication Modes or any similar topic only for you Order Now Television and video clips are the electronic form of visual communication. An employee that has performed in an outstanding, above-the-call manner would be given a face to face meeting, which may include a company-wide email or a public presentation to show appreciation. Face to face communication will project the sincerity and honesty of the employee’s hard work. They will be able to visualize the verbal and non-verbal cues of the manager. The public presentation of appreciation would also show other employees how hard work is rewarded in the workplace, and be a motivator for high production; including a more cohesive feeling of teamwork throughout the company. The use of a company-wide email would allow other employees to see that hard work can be rewarded by public recognition. In order to capture the attention of the employees receiving the email the salutation of â€Å"Dear Company XYZ Team Member,† to give it a more personal and endearing feel. The most effective method to communicate a new policy on the use of cell phones would be impersonal written communication. The down-side of using this type of communication is that since it is not personally addressed to the receiver they may not read the email. If the employee does not read the email and is in violation of the new cell phone policy; it is ultimately the employees’ responsibility to stay current on new policies and procedures instituted within the company. In the event that an employee is found violating the new policy a face-to-face meeting would occur. This would include at the least a verbal reprimand or according to company policies the level of reprimand that is required. An employee that is repeatedly late for work always requires a face-to-face eeting. There is no other form of communication that is effective in this situation. The employee must be able to see the verbal and non-verbal cues of the manager conveying the seriousness of the employee’s employment. The manager should find out what is the root cause of the employee’s non-compliance with the attendance policy. The employee could be having timing issues with a babysitter; the employee could be oversleeping due to a second job, or not leav ing home in time to allow for potential traffic issues. The manager would be required to reprimand the employee according to company policy, which could be an oral warning up to and including termination, depending on the magnitude of the attendance policy violation. An employee that has a child that has been injured should always communicate face-to-face. The manager should go to the employee’s workspace and ask him/her to come with them to their office or other private space. This cannot be communicated over the phone; even if the manager is off-site they should call and appoint another member of the management team to convey the message to this employee. References Batson, T. R. , Neff, B. J. (2007). Business ethics: Sunday ethics — Monday world. Marion, Ind. : Triangle Publishing. R, A. (n. d. ). Four Types of Communication. Buzzle. Retrieved October 28, 2012, from http://www. buzzle. com/articles/four-types-of-communication. html How to cite Communication Modes, Essay examples

Control Of One Or More Than One Businesses â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Control Of One Or More Than One Businesses? Answer: Introducation Business Combination It is defined as the contract or the happening by which any person receives the control of one or more than one businesses (AASB, 2015). The person or the entity which controls the business is known as acquirer and the entity whose business is being obtained is known as acquire. AASB 3 as prescribed the acquisition method of accounting in case of the business combination. Following are the steps involved in the acquisition method: An acquirer shall be identified. Though it is very clear and precise but in some cases it requires the provisions of the standards to identify the same. For instance two existing Companies decide to form new company to acquire both the companies. he date of acquisition of the business shall be identified. All the assets acquired and all the liabilities considered shall be recognized and measured along with any non controlling interest. After that the either the goodwill be recognized or gain from bargain purchase will be recognized. The company has disclosed the same method (Company official Website). Goodwill Yes, the company has reported the goodwill of $17240 thousands as on 30th of June 2016 and $11266 thousands as on 30th of June 2015 (Company official Website; Fridson, 2015). Goodwill is defined as the asset which is recognized after the business combination and it represents the amount of the economic benefits that will arise in future from the assets acquired in business combination which are unidentifiable and non separable. Following are the circumstances in which goodwill can be recognized: If there is probability that the economic benefits will accrue to the company in future and It consists of the value which can be easily and reliably measured. Goodwill is measured equivalent to the excess of amount paid for acquiring the assets of business of the other company measured which were fair values. Gain from Bargain Purchase The event of the bargain purchase is the very rare phenomena. As per Paragraph 34 of AASB3, the gain from bargain purchase is the amount equal to the fair value amount of net assets over the purchase cost that acquirer is ready to pay including the non controlling interest. The situation generally occurs when the seller is under pressure to sell the entity. Amortization and Impairment of Goodwill: No, the goodwill has not been amortized as per note number 11 of the annual report and it cannot be amortized as per the statement number 142 of the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB, 2012). As per the statement amortization of goodwill is against the conceptual framework of accounting. Yes, goodwill is subject to the impairment. As per note number 11 of the annual report, the goodwill is tested for impairment on an annual basis or on frequent basis depending upon the nature of business and market conditions. It is tested when events indicates that the carrying value of the goodwill is impaired. The company has not impaired the goodwill (Company official Website). Reversal of Impairment Loss: No, as per the paragraph number 124 of the International Accounting Standards number 36, the reversal of impairment loss on goodwill has been prohibited (IAS, 2004). The reversal has been prohibited even when the indicators exists that impairment loss recognized earlier are now does not exist. The reason for prohibition that the International Accounting Standard Board has given is that increase in the goodwill after recognizing the impairment loss will not be considered as the increase in the purchased goodwill rather it will considered as increase in the internally generated goodwill. Application of AASB3 and AASB10 Business Combination is defined as the transaction or the event through which any person receives the control of one or more than one businesses. The business combination also includes the two terms as true mergers and mergers of equals but they are very rare in the normal practice. (AASB, 2015). Financial Statements in the consolidated form are prepared in case where the one entity has the control over other company in terms of the voting rights and have the significant influence through which it can affect the decision of the company (AASB, 2011) The Company carrying the control and power is the holding company and the another one is the subsidiary company. There are two cases for Company A and Company B: Company A obtains control through the purchase of all equity shares of Company B. In this case the AASB 10 on consolidated financial statements shall apply because the company A has not acquired the company rather gained the control over the other company in terms of the voting rights. Company A purchased all the assets and assumed all the liabilities of Company B. In this case the AASB 3 on business combination shall apply as the company A has acquired the company B in all respects. Consolidated Group Yes the company is a part of the Consolidated Group. As per note number 17 of the financial statements of the company, there are nine group companies which have comprised the group. The note number 16 of the financial statements has mentioned the parent entity information containing the financial position of the parent entity as on 30th of June 2016 and other related disclosures (Company Official Website) Control and Significant Influence- Control is authority to administrate and manage the financial and non financial policies including operating policies of one organization by another organization so that the later one can have benefits and advantages from its business operations. On the other hand, Significant Influence is command to take part in financial and non financial procedures and policies including operating policies decision making of one entity by another entity. In the company under consideration, near map has control over other entities and does not have any significant influence in any other entity. Financial Statements in consolidated form are formed by Investor entity by combining all the items of financial statements of subsidiary company in line by line manner by simply adding the values as on reporting date. As per AASB 127, the following is the process involved in consolidating the financial statements of the holding entity and subsidiary:- Value of investments in subsidiary shown in the Assets of the parent company along with value of equity hold by main company in the accounting books of wholly owned company should be removed and not taken into account while preparing the same. Recognition of minority interest in the statement of income and expenditure for the period under reporting. Separate recognition of the interest of holding in the subsidiarys net assets from the parents shares in the equity. The minority interest in net assets includes amount calculates as per AASB 3 as on the date of acquisition and share in equity by minority as on the date of business combination Common balances for Assets, Liabilities, Income Expenses will be presented in the financial statements. Preparing the Consolidated Financial Statements Acquisition analysis plays important role in the preparation of the consolidated financial statements of the company. The analysis consists of not only indentifying the value of the net assets of the company so decided to purchase but also to identify whether it is feasible for the parent entity to make the company as its subsidiary and takes it into the consolidated group. The analysis provides the market insights and image of the company and the value of the shares that the parent entity will have to pay. The subsidiary assets are revalued in the following circumstances: When the parent entity loses control over the subsidiary. The parent entity will recognize the fair value of the amount of the share that the parent entity still holds after losing control. The fair value is measured in accordance with AASB9. Associates- As per the AASB, 128, an associate is defined as company upon which the investor investing in the company gains control over the company. The control is defined as the investors exercising the significant influence over the decision made by the company (AASB, 2011) No the company does not have any associates as reported in the financial statements of the company. The information is as per the annual report of the company. Investment in Associates- As per AASB 128, the Equity Method of accounting is used by Investor Company to recognize and present the investment in associates. As per this method, initial recognition of the investment is associates is done at the cost and after that revaluations have done to increase or decrease the carrying amount of investment to record the profit or loss of investor in investee, to record the dividends and to record the interest from other comprehensive income. Equity method is used in every situation to record the investment in associates apart from the following: When the investment in associate is recognized as per AASB 5 and held for sale Exception has been provided as per AASB 127 to a parent company who also has investment in associate to prepare consolidated financial statement When the investor has informed by voting and no objection has been received from any investor for not applying equity method and the investors securities are not listed or traded in any market and investor has not filed any application for new issue in the public and the investor is preparing and presenting the consolidated financial statements as per AASB and IFRS Yes, as per AASB 128, the equity method need not to follow as exception has been given to the parent investor. Joint Arrangements Joint arrangement as per IFRS 11 is defined as the arrangements where the two or more entities have the joint control over the operations of other entity. No the company is not the party of any joint arrangement (IFRS, 2012). Joint Control and Joint Operations - Joint control means sharing of control through contract or agreement or arrangement in which any decisions about the activities of arrangement can be taken with the consent of both the parties on unanimously basis. Joint venture is the joint arrangement in which parties have a right over the net the assets of the arrangement and on the other hand joint operation is the joint arrangement whereby parties to joint arrangement has rights over the assets of the arrangement and have obligations for the liabilities of the arrangement. Judgment of the parties bifurcate a joint arrangement as joint venture or joint operation. A joint operator in the joint arrangement accounts for all the assets, liabilities, incomes and expenses in relation to the degree of the participation in the joint venture and joint operations so concerned. References AASB, (2010), AASB 1013 Accounting for Goodwill retrieved from https://www.aasb.gov.au/admin/file/content102/c3/AASB1013_6-96.pdf on 12/09/2017. AASB, (2011), AASB 10 Consolidated Financial Statements retrieved from https://www.aasb.gov.au/admin/file/content105/c9/AASB10_08-11.pdf accessed on 11/09/2017. AASB, (2011), AASB 128 Investments in Joint Ventures and Associates retrieved from https://www.aasb.gov.au/admin/file/content105/c9/AASB128_08-11.pdf accessed on 11/09/2017. AASB, (2015), AASB 3 Business Combination retrieved from https://www.aasb.gov.au/admin/file/content105/c9/AASB3_08-15.pdf accessed on 11/09/2017. AASB, (2015), AASB 138 Intangible Assets retrieved from https://www.aasb.gov.au/admin/file/content105/c9/AASB138_08-15_COMPoct15_01-18.pdf accessed on 11/09/2017. Company official Website ,available on https://www.nearmap.com.au/about accessed on 10/09/2017 FASB, (2012), Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets retrieved from https://www.fasb.org/summary/stsum142.shtml accessed on 11/09/2017. Fridson M, (2015), Financial Statement Analysis, retrieved from https://books.google.co.in/books?id=Iha4OzyPN48Cprintsec=frontcoverdq=online+free+books+on+presentation+of+financial+statementshl=ensa=Xredir_esc=y#v=onepageqf=false accessed on 11/09/2017. Hove M, (2016), Consolidated Financial Statements An International Perspective, retrieved from https://books.google.co.in/books?id=BcgtnlDHsXcCprintsec=frontcoverdq=online+free+books+on+consolidation+of+financial+statementshl=ensa=Xredir_esc=y#v=onepageqf=false accessed on 11/09/2017. IFRS,(2012), Joint Arrangements, retrieved from https://www.iasplus.com/en/standards/ifrs/ifrs11 accessed on 11/09/2017. IAS Official Website, (2004), IAS 36 Impairment of Assets retrieved from https://www.iasplus.com/en/standards/ias/ias36 accessed on 11/09/2017

The Political Theories Of Locke And Hobbes Essays - Empiricists

The Political Theories Of Locke And Hobbes Political Theories of Locke and Hobbes John Locke influenced Western political thought immensely. He lived during the age of political upheaval, the Glorious Revolution. During this time, the Tories and the Whigs, England's first two political parties, joined together to rid their country of the tyrannical James II and welcomed as their new co-rulers his daughter, Mary, and her Dutch husband, William. Locke witnessed these events from the Netherlands, where he had fled in 1683 because he foresaw the accession of the absolutist and Catholic-leaning James II. These events greatly influenced his political theories. Throughout his writings, Locke argued that people had the gift of reason. Locke thought they had the natural ability to govern themselves and to look after the well being of society. He wrote, ?The state of nature has a law of nature to govern it, which treats everyone equally. Reason, which is that law, teaches all mankind?that being all equal and independent, no one ought to harm another in his life, health or possessions.? Locke did not believe that God had chosen a group or family of people to rule countries. He rejected the ?Divine Right,? which many kings and queens used to justify their right to rule. Instead, he argued that governments should only operate with the consent of the people they are governing. In this way, Locke supported democracy as a form of government. Locke wrote, ?We have learned from history we have reason to conclude that all peaceful beginnings of government have been laid in consent of the people.? Governments were formed, according to Locke, to protect the right to life, the right to freedom, and the right to property. Their rights were absolute, belonging to all the people. Locke also believed that government power should be divided equally into three branches of government so that politicians will not face the ?temptation? to grasp at absolute power.? If any government abused these rights instead of protecting them, then the people had the right to rebel and form a new gov ernment. John Locke spoke out against the control of any man against his will. This control was acceptable neither in the form of an unfair government, nor in slavery. Locke wrote, ?The natural liberty of man is to be free from any superior power on earth, and not to be under the will or legislative authority of man, but only have the law of nature for his rule.? In addition, Locke felt that women had the ability to reason, which entitled them to an equal voice- an unpopular idea during this time in history. Despite fearing that he might be censored, he wrote, ?It may not be wrong to offer new ideas when the old traditions are apt to lead men into mistakes, as this idea of fatherly power's probably has done, which seems so eager to place the power of parents over their children wholly in the father, as if the mother had no share in it: whereas if we consult reason or the Bible, we shall find she has an equal title.? Thomas Hobbes, on the other hand, had a completely different view of human beings and how government should function. This is due to his background of growing up in England, during a time of religious, social, and political discord. Hobbes, was very interested in why people allowed themselves to be ruled and what would be the best form of government for England. In 1651, Hobbes wrote his most famous work, entitled Leviathan. In it, he argued that people were naturally wicked and could not be trusted to govern. Therefore, Hobbes believed that an absolute monarchy- a government that gave all power to a king or queen- was best. Hobbes believed that humans were basically selfish creatures who would do anything to better their position. Left to themselves, he thought, people would act on their evil impulses. According to Hobbes, people therefore should not be trusted to make decisions on their own. In addition, Hobbes felt that nations, like people, were selfishly motivated. To Hobbes, each country was in a constant battle for power and wealth. To prove his point, Hobbes wrote, ?If men are naturally in a state of war,

Free Essays on Yuan Drama

Yuan Drama History During the period of Mongol rule in China, the Yuan Dynasty (1279-1368), there were great developments and evolution in the area of performance art. It was during this period that a style of theatre referred to as poetic musical drama, or as zaju (tsa chu, "mixed entertainments"), gained greatly in popularity and reached what is viewed as its Golden Age. Therefore, this style later came to be known as Yuan ch'u ("Yuan Songs"), Mongol theatre, or Yuan drama. This classical and highly stylized form of theatre, an ancestor of the Chinese opera, called for entertainers, both male and female, to sing, act, mime, and play music. Through the use of such skills, the performers presented stories of political intrigue, heroism, villainy, filial devotion, and the faith of lovers. The Yuan plays themselves were often works by Chinese scholars and intellectuals, though Mongols, and others are also noted to have been dramatists .As was the case with many Yuan dramas, the stories were usually based on earlier materials: older Chinese tales and anecdotes that were already familiar to the people. The playwrights, though, took liberties to adapt and rework the materials for their own purpose, sometimes slipping clever political commentaries into their works. The most celebrated and prolific writer among the Yuan playwrights was Guan Hanqing(1241?-1320?). The development of Yuan drama The Yuan Dynasty marked a period of Mongol domination in China. During this period, the existing Chinese government and society were practically turned upside-down by the Mongol conquerors; With much of traditional Confucianism put down and degraded by the Mongols, intellectuals found they could think freely for the first time in many long years since much of the Confucian conservatism had stood in the way of the true creative power in Chinese. While high-seated Chinese officials lost status during the Yuan era, entertainers - musicians, act... Free Essays on Yuan Drama Free Essays on Yuan Drama Yuan Drama History During the period of Mongol rule in China, the Yuan Dynasty (1279-1368), there were great developments and evolution in the area of performance art. It was during this period that a style of theatre referred to as poetic musical drama, or as zaju (tsa chu, "mixed entertainments"), gained greatly in popularity and reached what is viewed as its Golden Age. Therefore, this style later came to be known as Yuan ch'u ("Yuan Songs"), Mongol theatre, or Yuan drama. This classical and highly stylized form of theatre, an ancestor of the Chinese opera, called for entertainers, both male and female, to sing, act, mime, and play music. Through the use of such skills, the performers presented stories of political intrigue, heroism, villainy, filial devotion, and the faith of lovers. The Yuan plays themselves were often works by Chinese scholars and intellectuals, though Mongols, and others are also noted to have been dramatists .As was the case with many Yuan dramas, the stories were usually based on earlier materials: older Chinese tales and anecdotes that were already familiar to the people. The playwrights, though, took liberties to adapt and rework the materials for their own purpose, sometimes slipping clever political commentaries into their works. The most celebrated and prolific writer among the Yuan playwrights was Guan Hanqing(1241?-1320?). The development of Yuan drama The Yuan Dynasty marked a period of Mongol domination in China. During this period, the existing Chinese government and society were practically turned upside-down by the Mongol conquerors; With much of traditional Confucianism put down and degraded by the Mongols, intellectuals found they could think freely for the first time in many long years since much of the Confucian conservatism had stood in the way of the true creative power in Chinese. While high-seated Chinese officials lost status during the Yuan era, entertainers - musicians, act...

Developing Implementation Plan Obesity in Children Essay

Developing Implementation Plan Obesity in Children - Essay Example As the discussion stresses a formal approval is sought from fellow staff to seek their contributions to the study in one way or the order. Because both forms of involvements are done on a voluntary basis, it is always important that the researcher devises a strategic method in ensuring that the approvals are not declined. As part of the method of obtaining the necessary approval therefore, the researcher shall ensure that there is first a verbal consultation among all targeted persons, whereby a ‘water-testing’ strategy shall be undertaken to have an idea of those who will be willing to be involved in the study and those who are not. Thereafter, a consent form that clearly spells out all ethical considerations including the need to keep the identities of respondents confidential and anonymous shall be released to the targeted stakeholders. It is hoped that with the assurance of ensuring high sense and level of ethics, the organization’s leadership and fellow staff will be willing to be part of the study. Description of current problem The current issue has to do with the introduction of a new intervention that seeks to tackle the problem of obesity in children. This paper highlgihts that the need and rationale behind the present issue is rooted in the weaknesses identified in the current procedure. Presently, the fight against obesity in children is approached using the masses procedure. By this, all children suffering from obesity are categorized as one group of persons with a common problem and thus demanding a common intervention. However, for some years now that this strategy has been used, it has been found that the strategy has been very ineffective in yielding needed results. This is because according to state data and record, regardless of the existing procedure, obesity in children continues to go high. The proposed intervention would therefore take a form and structure that is directly opposite to what exists currently. This is bec ause it will identify children with obesity as individual persons rather than a group. With this, the researcher shall have the opportunity to critically scrutinizing the cause of each child’s risk of obesity. Thereafter, the researcher shall be offered the opportunity to assigning the most suitable solutions to each child’s case; noting that they all have different causes to their problems. A very crucial part of the proposed solution or issue is that is it backed with several theories and research findings.  

Sports Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Sports Law - Essay Example accreditation for laboratory tests (and laboratories themselves) carried out in foreign lands, and that the IAAF should execute measures to see that this is reflected in all EU sports governing bodies. As stated in Rule 55.11 of the IAAF, the procedure of determining whether an athlete is culpable with regards to an illegal substance use does not really matter unless it is "such as to cast real doubt on the reliability of such a finding." (IAAF cited by Parliament 1999) Yet the IAAF compensates for this by stating in paragraph eight (8.2) of the procedural guidelines that the test of Sample B, following that of Sample A, should be done in the presence of the athlete and/or a representative. Also paragraph 8.5 states that every athlete should have the right to a fair hearing, before decisions are reached to avoid unjust suspension or discharging. In the Modahl versus BAF case there were loopholes, open wounds for vampires, on both sides. The effect of it calls for action, not only at the domestic level, but at the international level as well. Note the defence of the BAF: it was simply following the guidelines set out by the IAAF (which in turn probably did not foresee that kind of circumstance). In summary, it is not the sports law and policy that is the enemy here, but the type of attention paid to it. Situations like this summon a need for more focus on positively detailed contractual rules and their application. As always, there is room for growth. REFERENCE LIST Abbott, H. (2006) Sports Law Blog: People Hate Honest Athletes - True Hoop, [Online] Available from: http://sports-law.blogspot.com/ [Accessed 26th October 2008]. CMM (2007), Diane Modahl, [Online] Available from:...Sports Management 335, [Online] 1 Available from: http://www.isenberg.umass.edu/sportmgt/uploads/listWidget/13465/spt335-lpm.pdf ISLA (2007) Doping and Corruption in Sports. Sports and Law, [Online] 1-4 Available from: http://www.icsspe.org/news/pdf/SportsandLaw.pdfPHPSESSID=fed48f126f02e253c7d54624d633a0a0 [Accessed 28th October 2008]. Wadler, G. I. (no date) Doping in Sport: From Strychnine to Genetic Enhancement, It's a Moving Target, [Online] 1-9 Available from: http://www.law.duke.edu/sportscenter/wadler.pdf [Accessed 27th October 2008].

Effect and Influence of Social Factor on Business Essay

Effect and Influence of Social Factor on Business - Essay Example This essay focuses on the significance of the social aspect in the PEST analysis in regards to a business from apparel manufacturing industry. Environmental analysis is a marketing function which includes study of all external factors that may determine the success or failure of a business. Relatively qualitative in nature, this analysis involves identifying of environmental variables, scanning them, analyzing and finally forecasting of business situation. Environmental analysis is significant for a business to survive and grow. This analysis helps in identifying the probable opportunities and threats to a business. It opens new avenues for business activity expansion and also provides opportunities for discovering and exploitation of business. PEST analysis is an acronym for â€Å"political, economic, social and technological.† Its purpose is to conduct analysis and identify various external factors that might affect business and also to help in market research.Social aspect of PEST analysis includes factors such as age distribution, income level, education, diet and nutrition, religion, population growth, consumerism, social class, and expectation of society from business. It also includes buying trends, change in lifestyle, cultural aspects, ethics, publicity factors, advertising, media, career attitudes, health consciousness and emphasis on safety. Social trends to a great extent affect demand for a product The social factor from PEST analysis creates various opportunities at a global, national and international level. ... It enables business and organizations to understand future problems and face them boldly. This analysis helps organizations in expanding their business while contributing towards social groups and causes. Environmental analysis keeps guiding the organizations from time to time about changes in socio economic conditions at the same time enabling them to take benefit of technological developments, government policies etc. Apart from providing various opportunities environmental analysis also helps business in identifying threats from competitor and other sources. Threats are uncontrollable and can put survival of organization or business at stake. Environmental analysis overcome organization’s threat and also helps in identifying competencies of business. Identification of one PEST factor PEST analysis is an acronym for â€Å"political, economic, social and technological.† Its purpose is to conduct analysis and identify various external factors that might affect business and also to help in market research. Out of all the factors from PEST analysis I am considering Social factor for discussion about how it affects business. Social aspect of PEST analysis includes factors such as age distribution, income level, education, diet and nutrition, religion, population growth, consumerism, social class, and expectation of society from business. It also includes buying trends, change in lifestyle, cultural aspects, ethics, publicity factors, advertising, media, career attitudes, health consciousness and emphasis on safety. Social trends to a great extent affect demand for a product (Miller 1992). Industry considered Considering apparel manufacturing industry for

The Role Of Pleasure In The Happy Life

The Role Of Pleasure In The Happy Life Choose two philosophers covered so far and use their work to discuss the role of pleasure in the happy life.   I choose to pick Epicurus as one of the philosophers to be discussed because he is one of the most important figures in philosophy to be discussing on the topic of pleasure, it is interesting to discover just which category does Epicurus belong to. Was he just an ethical hedonist? Asserting merely that human actions ultimate purpose is to bring us happiness and that should be the only purpose or goal we serve or to achieve while adhering to doing good in the process .Or is he something else, something more profound? Epicurus is without a doubt, a hedonist, however he is somewhat of a different kind of hedonist, he draws a distinction between intense physical pleasure, and he also states that if one engages in intense physical debauchery too much, its going to end up hurting you. Epicurus promotes the idea of ataraxic that is: having the peace of mind, free from stress or turmoil, he proposes that physical indulgences in eating ,drinking, or sex orgies, can bring more negative consequences than pleasure, but mental pleasures, like listening to music, discussing philosophy with your friends etc, can last for as long as you want to with no negative consequences.For Epicurus, mental pleasure carries a greater pleasure and value than physical pleasure, he also further classifies active pleasure and passive pleasure. For example, you want to eat because you are hungry or drink because you are thirsty and then the passive pleasure, such as freedom from anxiety and pain. Epicurus thought passive pleasur e was more important than indulging in active pleasure, for example, a true epicurean delight would not be having an orgy, but instead researching scientific questions, perhaps. Epicurus concept of pleasure was twofold: in the opinion of researchers, Epicurus distinguished two kinds of pleasure- a static pleasure or a pleasure in a state of rest and a kinetic pleasure or a pleasure in motionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦an Epicurean by the name of Lucius Torquatus, gives a definition of two different kinds of pleasure, one of which suavitate aliqua naturam ipsam movet et iucundi-tate quadam percipitur sensibus, thus being a pleasure in motion, while the other, static pleasure, percipitur omni dolore detracto. Here Torquatus draws a distinction between two different states to either of which, in his opinion, the notion of pleasure can be applied firstly, a state presupposing active stimulation of pleasant sensations and secondly, a state negatively defined as the absence of pain and suffering. Epicurus referred to as kinetic those pleasures which accompany the process of satisfying ones desires and regarded as static pleasure the state experienced when the desires are sati sfied. In another place he gives a quotation from Epicurus about pleasures accompanying gustatory, auditory and visual sensations, and this time he regards these pleasures as pleasures in motion, speaking now about physical motions in the sensory organs. Besides, the traditional interpretation of kinetic pleasure contradicts Epicurus idea that it is impossible simultaneously to experience pleasure and pain; for example, if a man is feeling pleasure while satisfying his hunger, then, apparently, at the same moment pleasure has to be accompanied by pain from hunger that has not yet been fully satisfied. (Nikolsky, 2001) Epicurus believed we can all find a way to be happy, the problem is simply we are looking at the wrong place, unlike many philosophers, Epicurus idea of happiness actually sounds rather fun, he didnt think we should feel guilty about wanting to feel a pleasurable and enjoyable life, we seem to be thinking the key to happiness is really pretty easy, that is having a lot of money. But before we reach for our wallets, Epicurus wants us to stop and think.Epicurus was committed to a life of happiness, he likes sex, laughter and beauty but he points out that happiness is rather a tricky issue and a philosopher might help you find it than a credit card ever could. Epicurus was in favor of pleasure at all, short of many of his many Greek contemporaries, his philosophy became synonymous with a luxurious eating lifestyle. Epicurus said that pleasure was the most important thing in life, but if we analyze Epicurus we actually found that he lived simple, far from a luxurious life, having survived on breads and plain water as a way of life, Epicurus thought we dont really know what we need and so forth prey forth to many substitute desires, such as spending lavishly on a shopping spree. But often according to Epicurus, the key to pleasure comes pretty cheap, the first one is friendship, he stated that friendship is a major source of happiness, but in order to achieve that, one needs to live with his friends at all times, the second thing Epicurus thought we need is freedom, Epicurus left Athens with his friends and started a commune, according to Epicurus, we must free ourselves from the prison from everyday life politics, their lives were simple, but at least they enjoyed their freedom in their self-sufficient ways. The last ingredient is an analyzed life by which he meant a life in which we take time off to reflect on our worries, to analyze what was troubling us, our anxieties can be diminished if we give us time to think things through, and to do that ,we need to take a step back from the noisy commercial world. According to Epicurus, as long as you have enough money to sustain the basic sustenance, that is more than enough to have pleasure in a happy life, Epicurus states that even bread and water can confer the highest possible pleasure when they are brought to hungry lips. Obviously, Epicurus means by this the state of satiety, but he does not in any way separate it from pleasure from eating and drinking that leads to this state.( Nikolsky, 2001) so if we are so easily satisfied, why arent we happy? The answer is seductions in which our goal to become happy and live a pleasurable life become influenced. When we are quickly lured by bright lights and fancy clothing, our desires are subconsciously detoured in our search for pleasure. Thus, the Epicurean view of the physical nature of pleasure as a whole varies little from that of other philosophers: in Epicurus opinion, pleasure is experienced when the atoms of a human body, acted upon by a certain force, find themselves in their proper places, i.e.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦when the organism attains its natural state under the effect of some influence. Epicurus links pleasure not only with the process but also with the result of restoration, i.e. with the natural state which the organism attains. (Nikolsky, 2001) Next, I would like to refer to a famous philosopher by the name of Aristotle as my second candidate. For Aristotle however, the idea of pleasure and happiness comes from what is considered favorable, what is considered as good. The concept of virtue comes into place here, and we must have these virtues in order to achieve eudaimonia which is the Greek word of happiness .For Aristotle, a prime criterion to living a happy or pleasurable life is to find out what are the ultimate goal or purpose, and thus the way to be happy. Aristotle proposes 3 points, it has to be self-sufficient, it has to be a final goal and it has to be attainable. In this case, one has to develop the virtues in order to achieve a happy life, virtues are themselves the means to an end. Aristotle clearly distinguishes himself from the hedonists when he claims that there is no such thing as undifferentiated pleasure. Pleasure cannot serve as the final goal of our actions because pleasure is not one thing, i.e., the word pleasure as applied to specific instances of pleasure is not univocal. Pleasures differ in nature just as the activities which they accompany differ in nature. The pleasure which we take in eating is simply the same kind of thing as the pleasure which we take in thinking. They are simply different kinds of pleasures and as such it seems that there can be no comparison between them as pleasures. Yet Aristotle clearly believes that such a comparison between different pleasures is possible. He speaks of contemplation as being the most pleasurable activity. But if Aristotles critique of hedonism rules out the possibility of saying that contemplation brings with it a greater amount of pleasure than does eating ( since these pleasures differ qualitatively a nd not quantitatively), what can he mean by saying that contemplation is the most pleasurable activity? (Gonzalez, 1991) According to Aristotle, our ultimate goal is happiness, that is our telos, and happiness is in itself the ultimate good, the ultimate thing we should strive for. In book 1 of Nicomachean Ethics by Aristotle, he states that while happiness is self-sufficient in itself, there is varying degrees of happiness, if we indulge our senses in sensual pleasure, that is considered superficial and on the same level as animals, it is important to consider happiness as not as one brief moment but rather as a whole integral lifelong process. On a side note, Aristotle regards happiness as an activity rather as a state, in order to be happy and live well, one need to have the right virtues to incline towards a certain disposition, a certain lifestyle. In chapter 4 of book 10 Aristotle describes what constitutes a sensation which is most perfect or complete and therefore most pleasurable: there is a corresponding pleasure for every sensation and similarly for thought and contemplation: the most pleasurable activity will be the most complete and the most complete will be the one which takes place between a well-disposed subject and the best of those objects which are proper to it.Pleasure completes the activityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦The activity of sensation will be most complete when its subjective and objective conditions are the best possible. It is important to recognize that the superlative here implies the possibility of degrees in the completeness and pleasure of an activity. Aristotle is not claiming that an activity can be complete and pleasurable only if it satisfies certain conditions; he is instead claiming that these conditions must be satisfied in order for the activity to be most complete and most pleasurable. (Gonzalez, 199 1) For Aristotle, The question traces back to why we want to be happy, why we want to be virtuous? Why is happiness the ultimate telos? To illustrate, we spend our money on things which we fancy to get pleasure, it all boils down that all our daily activities focus on one and only one purpose, that is to be happy .But happiness itself is a rather intriguing and complex concept, and Aristotle states only through exercising our rational soul, through a life of contemplation as our activity, can happiness be found, and that is what distinguishes us from the animals. In Book 10 of Nicomachean Ethics, Aristotle further goes into depth why he thinks contemplation is the ultimate rational answer to pleasure and happiness. The way Aristotle sees things is different, for example, when you encounter an object or entity, would you consider it in aspect of its purpose, or its functions or the process that the object undergoes? Aristotle views everything as telos, he believes everything serve some kind of telos or purpose, he thinks the telos of a plant is to keep growing from the intake of nutrition, the telos of life, so what distinguishes us from plants and animals is in our ultimate telos to contemplate and behave accordingly, to employ the rational faculty of the soul, and this in turn consists of the study of modern day philosophy, as an example. The pleasures involved in the activities are more proper to them than the desires; for the latter are separated both in time and in nature, while the former are close to the activities, and so hard to distinguish from them that it admits of dispute whether the activity is not the same as pleasure. (Manser ,1960)

War PropagandaPast, Present and Future Essay -- Essays Paspers

War PropagandaPast, Present and Future Part 1: An In-depth Look at War Propaganda Propaganda consists of the planned use of any form of public of mass-produced communication designed to affect the minds and emotions of a given group for a specific purpose, whether military, economic, or political. -Linebarger, Paul Myron Anthony In every aspect of life, there tends to be a desire to have others see things the way we see them. In theory, if we all share the same views and opinions, we can unite for common goals. Propaganda consists of a communicators objective to impose or manipulate a person, or group of people into adopting his ideals. Perhaps the most common place that Propaganda is used is during times of war. Given the choice, most people would most likely not express a love for war. Some are passionately against it, others, though not in love with the idea, support it when it’s necessary. Due to the raw nature of war and people’s reactions to it, there seems to be some force working to mask the negative feelings towards war and unite people in support of it. With regard to war, the purpose of propaganda is to make a particular group of people forget that another group is human. By focusing on a few, simple target ideas that reinforce the notion that another group of people are harmful and inhumane, propaganda is able to unite people in an unrealistic mindset. Understandably, however, governments have a priority to nurture the morale of its people and the armed forces that represent it by intimidating the enemy with the force of natural will. The question of whether or not we choose to accept this harsh reality remains ambiguous, as there will always be two sides to the argument. So as it stands, it is... ...11. Starick, Paul. Iraq War Propaganda; War of Words- the Battle for Hearts and Minds. The Advertiser. March 29, 2003. 12. http://www.disinfopedia.org Propaganda Versus Democracy 13. www.globalissues.org Shah, Anup. War, Propaganda and the Media. August 2004. 14. www.independent.org Horten, Gerd. Radio Goes to War: The Politics of Propaganda World War II. 15. www.medialens.org Miller, David. Eliminating Truth: The Development of War Propaganda 16. www.onlinejournal.com 17. www.propagandacritic.com 18. www.socialistworker.org Pro-war Propaganda Machine. March 2003. 19. www.stentorian.com/propagan.html Levinson, William A. An Introduction to Propaganda. 1999. 20. www.truthout.org Morgan, David. Critic Accuses Media of Aiding US War Propaganda. May 2, 2003. 21. www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk

Tool Control

So, it’s about 1700 and my flight has just landed and everything went pretty well. We are closing up the bird and getting ready to go home. The helicopter is all tied up and wiped down and everything is start to look good. Then some last minute maintenance comes up and the VELOs need to be tightened an blade pins need to be safety wired. Shortly thereafter, about 2 hours because I’m a retard and safety wired the VELOs instead of tightening them, but that’s another story. We finish the job I come in to sign off the MAFs and BAM!I set my cranial down on the floor or desk I don’t recall and I didn’t see it again until the next morning about 70ft above the hangar floor. Now I know the importance of the tool control program I am about to, in detail, explain to you. Hopefully my mistakes will not be repeated. There is a tool control program active in every shop. This program is very important to the safety of the helicopter and the men and women that main tain them and fly them. This program is the responsibility of each and every mechanic, avionics man, air framer, flight equipment men and women, pilots and crew chiefs.Basically, the tool control program established in the United States Marine Corps is the responsibility of every member of the squadron. This program depends on each individual to perform their jobs carefully with the safety of themselves, their fellow marines and the aircraft always in mind. This program cannot afford small mistakes, and definitely no big mistakes. My experience with tool control is a little closer than most would want to come. I have terrible short term memory and it shows in my work.Whether it be in replacing the number one boost reservoir cap after I serviced it, before a flight, or it be in remembering to not leave my cranial just lying around on the shop floor and then never coming back to pick it up or put it in its proper place. My experiences have been numerous and cannot be tolerated on the Flight line, in the squadron or in the Marine Corps. My actions could have in a direct or indirect way been the reason another marine or myself are not here alive today. Thankfully my actions were being closely monitored by the NCOs and other members of the shop .No one was hurt because of my actions and I have to say I am not surprised. The tool control program is also designed to prevent anything awful from happening in the case that a young inexperienced crew chief in training loses two or three rags, his cranial or any other tool he may have while performing a Daily and turnaround inspection or just signing off MAFs. Then never coming in to pick his cranial up and put it in the correct place. The way the tool control program in the Marine corps is set up, it makes it almost impossible to lose tools.It is dummy proof. Almost. Once that tool is lost they have a very effective way of retrieving that tool. The first step in insuring that tools do not get lost is an inventory list. I t is a list of individual items in a tool container. It identifies the tool location within the container by panel and item number. Each tool is etched with a number. When tool sizes do not permit etching the inventory list is noted to draw attention to those small tools. These tools are checked out via a log book kept in each shop witch is updated and checked three times a day.Once in the morning prior to starting any maintenance, again during shift change and again before securing night crew the logs are checked. Too make it easy to identify each tool the Navy and Marine Corps have set up a standardized way of labeling (etching) each individual tool that is large enough to etch. The order the numbers etched on each tool goes like this: First number is the organization code, the second number is a work center code and the third number is the Tool Container number.When the work center is authorized more than one of a certain type of tool container (ie: Pre Flight Kits) the number wi ll be extended to identify the container. The tools that are too small to etch are kept in a special container with a special label affixed to it saying â€Å"CONTAINS TOOLS TOO SMALL TO MARK†. Tool issue is not an issue taken lightly because accountability of all tools is absolutely necessary to ensure none are lost. Special and common tools alike fall under this rule that all tools are accounted for.Even things as small as goggles and sound suppressors to things as big as Ladders and Hydraulic Servicing Units need tool tags from specific boxes to be checked out. Hand tools and common tools fall into two groups. They have the Eighty percent (80%) group which consists of tools required to complete eighty percent of the maintenance tasks. These tools are found in the checkout boxes for the shop. They also have the 20 percent (20%) group which is consist of tools not so commonly used inside a box in the shop. These tools can only be checked out individually and a tool tag is re quired for each individual tool.Another reason why the tool control program in the Marine Corps is so successful is because of the thorough methods we have in place that prevent us from completely losing a tool. If ANY tool is found to be missing or lost at any stage of the inventory process, an immediate search of the area will be conducted. We look everywhere we had been with the tool and everywhere we might have been. Once that has been done and the tool is still missing after extensive searching you notify your work center supervisor and another search, probably with a few more marines will be conducted.If the tool still can not be located your work center supervisor will notify Quality Assurance, Maintenance Control and the Aircraft maintenance Officer (AMO). In the mean time you will initiate a lost or missing tool report and give it to your work center supervisor. You will give a detailed statement of what happened all the way up until you realized the tool was lost and you w ill sign the statement for Quality Assurance. Maintenance Control puts a hold on all Air Traffic until the tool is found or Quality Assurance gives the good to go for flights to continue.The AMO is notified by Maintenance Control. You just standby and wait for the hammer. The meticulous tool check out procedures are another way to keep track of all tools in a shop. The procedures are as follows: You open the tool container and do a thorough inspection of the tool container to be checked out, the condition of the tool container and missing or broken tools in the container are what you are looking for. You want to sure all devices used to secure tools in the tool container are not worn out or broken or missing.Inspect the tool container for FOD. You will be looking for things like safety wire, cotter pins, pieces of attaching hardware and pieces of broken tools. You want to ensure that all tools are wiped clean of any foreign fluids or grease. Also, very important, ensure that every t ool is marked and belongs in that particular tool container. After inspecting the container you take it to an authorized member of the shop to inspect again and sign out in the tool container log book. When you bring the tool container back after maintenance is inished you do the process all over again. Including inspections, and signing the tool container back in to the shop. If at any point in your inspections you find a discrepancy in the condition of a tool there are steps you need to take. First of all you do not accept the tool container from the shop. The tool room will initiate a broken or missing tool report. The unserviceable tool should be replaced by a new one almost immediately. If a tool should break while performing maintenance there are also steps you need to follow.First you do an immediate search of the area and collect all the broken pieces of the tool. You initiate a broken tool report. The broken tool will be replaced by a new one and that tool will be marked ap propriately. Tool Control saves lives by preventing numerous hazardous situations from ever happening. It saves time by keeping track of all tools which aids in finding lost or missing tools. The tool Control program saves money by keeping a close eye on all the tools in a shop preventing lost and missing tools from ever occurring.

How I Got my Indie Novel Into the Nations Largest BrickMortar Store

How I Got my Indie Novel Into the Nations Largest BrickMortar Store "How I Got my Indie Novel Into the Country's Largest Brick-and-Mortar Chain" - By Carol Cooper Carol Cooper is a journalist, author, and doctor. She writes for The Sun newspaper, broadcasts on TV and radio, and has a string of non-fiction books to her name including an award-winning textbook of medicine. In this post, Carol reveals how she got her latest novel, Hampstead Fever, into Britain’s largest chain of booksellers. For the last few weeks, I’ve bragged to anyone who’ll listen that my self-published novel, Hampstead Fever, is in a prestigious front-of-store promotion in WH Smith travel bookstores. And no wonder I’m proud. Not only am I distributing my novel as an ebook - readers can now get it at over 700 airports and train stations around the UK.  WH Smith, after all, is the go-to place to grab a good read for a journey or holiday.I don’t have a sure-fire recipe for other indie authors to follow, but I can certainly explain what worked for me. Read how @DrCarolCooper got her latest novel into UK's largest brick-and-mortar chain 1. Get out and listen to peopleI owe a lot to the London Book Fair, circa 2015. That’s where I came across WH Smith Travel buyer Matt Bates. He spoke at Author HQ, a part of the fair dedicated to writers. He was charming, knowledgeable and enthusiastic and he wasn’t full of himself, which, as I recall, one or two other speakers at the fair were.I said a bland ‘Hello’ to Matt at the end of his talk. I don’t remember my exact words, but I said nothing about my writing. Hampstead Fever  at the WH Smith at London Gatwick AirportNo harm in trying, especially as by then my book was in many bookstores including Waterstones, Heffers Cambridge, and a sizeable number of independent bookshops, and had featured in local press and radio.   I sent Matt a brief email, attaching that eye-catching cover.Matt asked to see a copy of the book. There followed a longish silence. Then he replied, proposing a promo in over thirty of WH Smith’s travel bookstores as part of a buy one, get one half-price offer.I needed to do nothing more, except talk to Clays about a reprint and arrange the discount and return terms that WH Smith requires.I’m certain the stunning cover did much of the work for me. As for the content, people have been kind enough to say that Hampstead Fever captures multicultural urban life. It’s an easy read and makes people laugh, but it also covers some weightier issues.To other self-publishing authors wanting to get into booksho ps, my single best piece of advice is this: aim for a quality product that booksellers will love to have in their stores. "Aim for a quality product that booksellers will love to feature." @DrCarolCooper In your chain of priorities, how important is it to you to get your book in stores? If you have any thoughts, comments or questions for Carol Cooper, leave them in the comments below. Find out more about the author on her website or by following her on Twitter.

Depression (An internal battle)

Depression (An internal battle) A tear, a smirk, a shit-eating grin. A laugh even. Something so sinister and deep and dark. That's how it works. It tears you apart inside. Shrivels your innermost emotions. Emotions you thought no one knew about or even cared about. But people knew. They knew that your worst fear was fear. They knew that you take on more than you can handle. Not just sometimes, but all the time. They know all about you. You never told them. They just knew. It's when you start feeling sick to your stomach that you know what they have known all along. You get a nervous twitch in your eye. Your muscles tense. You become clammy. Scared, even. Maybe someone told you all of your flaws. Or maybe you just figured them out for yourself. But you don't like it. You want to change, but you can't. You are you. Your flaws are you.The Flaws

The Audit Commission Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The Audit Commission - Essay Example There are different job functions with the audit commission namely the Audit family, Performance audit family and Functional family, working towards the same goal of improving the public services. The Audit commission follows different work patterns which would vary according to the job role and preference of the employee. There is a flexible working pattern adopted by the Audit commission which involves numerical flexibility, functional flexibility and place of work flexibility. This pattern was adopted to benefit both the organization and the employees. The numerical flexibility is adopted to balance the fluctuating word loads of the organization where there is increase or decrease in the size of the employees. The functional flexibility is where the employees are trained on various skills to serve different job functions so that they can be shuffled between various tasks during the time of needs. The place of work flexibility will help employees strike a balance between work and l ife and also it reduces the cost of the company incurred on the infrastructure and optimizes the use of resources Main objective of any organization is to use the availability of resources effectively and complete the work in the given time line. Irrespective of the work location or a function, a committed employee works effectively to give desired results. Building trust with an employee and giving him responsibilities will enhance his efficiency and also makes his responsible. The leader in organizations makes a lot of difference. There must be a healthy relationship at work which will motivate the employees and as a result produce better results. The Audit Commission follows the autocratic to a democratic model by Tannenbaum and Schmidt which states that the leader must be authoritative at the same time provide freedom to the employees. The Audit commission is a friendly work atmosphere and has a good work tempo.

The Conceptualization of Diversity Management Article

The Conceptualization of Diversity Management - Article Example Though the objective of diversity management is also the utilization of all available talents it is said that there is a shift in the orientation of this policy from the concept of equal opportunities. Nevertheless, the concept diversity management as an emerging aspect of Human Resources Management (HRM) is occupying a central place in the recent periods. In this context this paper presents an overview of the conceptualization of diversity management, the issues connected therewith and presents an evaluation of some of the ways in which the present day organizations can improve upon their policies on managing diversity to make it more effective. "Managing diversity effectively follows on from, and expands on equal opportunities"(NCVO) Equal opportunities is about keeping within the law and the decisions about the payment of wages, recruitment, and promotional policies are to be framed on the basis of the capabilities of the individuals to perform their functions effectively. This requires a systematic policy approach to all facets of personnel management and such policies are framed by a pre-empting discrimination. "Diversity is a more wide-reaching approach to equal opportunities work. It incorporates the principle that all workers should receive equal rights but, rather than ignoring the differences between people in terms of their gender and race, this diversity should be recognized and respected." (NCVO) Diversity management works on the basis of a valuation of the varying aptitudes and skills that different workers bring along with them to be utilized by the organizations. Under this concept, the managers arrive at a working environment where all the workers are valued on the basis of their individual skills and expertise and also such skills and expertise are utilized to the fullest extent.The idea of 'diversity management' is not a new one and has been found in existence even from the late 1980s. All the three concepts of Diversity Management, Human Resources Management, and Total Quality Management are having the central idea of improving the business efficiency and make it result to p roduce the more economic gain in the form of enhanced profits. But the concept of diversity management has been found to be deviating in orientation from that of equal opportunities, as observed by Thompson (1997) "The concept of 'managing diversity' is one that has grown out of Human Resources management and is also a movement away from traditional equal opportunities policies and practices. It is premised on the recognition of diversity and differences as positive attributes of an organization, rather than as problems to be solved." However, the phenomenon of diversity management finds itself conceptually similar to that of HRM as evidenced by the work of Storey (1995) "A distinctive approach to employment management which seeks to achieve competitive advantage through the strategic deployment of a highly committed and capable workforce.

1.Do subjects of differing anxiety levels perform equally in front of Literature review

1.Do subjects of differing anxiety levels perform equally in front of an audience 2.Is there an association between anxiety levels, physiological arousal, stature and performance - Literature review Example It can also be looked as a kind of subjectively unpleasant feeling of dread and various kinds of events that are over-anticipated like the feeling of an imminent death. It is important to note that anxiety is not similar to fear (Pertaub, Slater & Barker 2001, 375). Fear is the actual response to real or certain perceived threats in the immediate environment. On the other hand, anxiety refers to the expectation that a certain threat or worse experience will happen in the future. In this case, anxiety can be seen as a special feeling of worry, fear and an uneasiness that is often generalized and also unfocussed as an overreaction to situations that seem to be subjectively menacing. In some cases, anxiety is often associated with restlessness, muscular tensions, fatigue as well as problems and challenges in concentration (Karunakaran 2011, 49; Bailey & Wells 2013, 328). It is important to note that anxiety can be an appropriate action and feeling; however, when it is not managed effectively and goes on for a long time, it can be dangerous to the particular individual by causing anxiety disorders (Crawford 2004, 518). This kind of disorders can affect an individual’s productivity at the work place, family and in personal life, calling for the need to manage it in the most effective and efficient ways. People that often have varying levels of anxiety often do not perform equally in front of their audience. Different people often have various ways in which they manage their stress levels, while some can easily put it under control in order to perform well in various disciplines, others, especially those coming into the sport for the first time like athletes and performers can be broken down by it. For most performers, those that ends up failing to manage stage fright end up having high levels of anxiety, which affects their performance. For athletes, the

Discuss Classic Film Posters Essay Example for Free

Discuss Classic Film Posters Essay Introduction Movie posters today are considered collectibles and rare ones fetch high prices. Great movie posters are hard to find. Historically, most posters are cut and paste jobs that do not sell the movie very well while a great poster could intrigue, shock, inspire as well as excite.   To create sensation and convince viewers, it should be aesthetically beautiful or original as well memorable that a single glance will make the viewer go inside the theatre to watch. According to Kinross (1991), graphic design is the activity that evolved out of what has been known as ‘commercial art’ closely linked to advertising, drawn or painted illustration. The graphic designer is generally acknowledged among themselves as professional designers who are able to work across a range of fields with different media including companies and corporate bodies, book or magazine publishing, exhibition design, signing and architectural graphics, television graphics, posters, among others. Hollis acknowledged that up to the Second World War, artists who are either painters or sculptors such as Kurt Schwitters, Willi Baumeister, and Friedrich Vordemberge-Gildewart. He also added that there had been a crisis in design as computerized designers go off in one direction led by Basel-Wolfgang Weingart and commercially developed by April Greiman and the New Wave of Americans (Kinross, 1991). â€Å"It was something to do with graphic and typographic freedom and with making new images, presenting information as a decorative style†¦ emerged from the new technology of the computer,† Hollis said (Kinross, 1991, p 75). Hollis also believed then that the graphic designer does not control the content of what he or she is designing. He also observed that in postmodernism, there is a large element of eclecticism that borrow past styles and apply them such as what Bruno Mongunzzi, a classic modern typographer and an intelligent designer who is â€Å"not highly original †¦ [with the] notion of â€Å"I don’t want to be interesting, I want to be good,† (p 75). Hollis delineated art as pre aesthetic information while graphics is information which could inevitably become aesthetic. Hollis and Kinross agree that â€Å"graphic design is modernism in the graphic field†¦ the conjunction of image and text† (p 76) of which Hollis emphasized the importance of the relationship between image and text. Lithography (from 1800) was credited to allow joining of image and text laboriously by hand. Likewise, aside from text and image, there was also the conjunction of image and image where photography provided raw material for montage such as John Heartfield’s, and by making surrealism possible images which appeared to be machine-made. Photography was considered as the central generator of graphic design of the modern movement citing the Volkswagen advertisement in particular (Kinross, 1991). Design as also closely linked, if not overlapped with advertising starting the 1960s. Hollis proposed that it was difficult to separate graphics from marketing which is, â€Å"a distinctly bourgeois activity, which has occasionally, probably through pop music, had connections with some sort of mass culture,† (Kinross, 1991, p 79-80). This paper shall try to discuss the organization, design, use of colour, spatial layout, and lettering in the movie posters: The Bridge on the River Kwai, The Guns of Navarone, The Magnificent Seven, and The Great Escape with the above premise. Discussion: The Bridge on the River Kwai. Design This poster uses period book-type design with an obvious elongated presentation. The type spacing or leading is not controlled and seem to take up much space to provide cramped texts that followed, including the movie title. It also uses illustrations in layered format from the smallest image below, a bigger image above it, and the biggest one showing up close in action the lead character. In fact, the rectangle below the introductory four-line texts seem to be a book cover superimposed on the lower small image with the matching text so that the poster seem to have used a book cover itself. Color The use of color is impressive as the classic eye-catching combination of yellow and red are used. A little of blue text complemented the overall mix of colors. Spatial Lay-out As mentioned earlier, there seem to be a followed desire to use a book cover format with introductory catch lines above and supporting details just below the book cover image. The concept, although longer than the usual movie poster, is impressive. Lettering Type fonts were already used in this print but the title â€Å"The Bridge on the River Kwai† is definitely hand-executed in bold, uneven manner which is very prominent. The Guns of Navarone. Design This one uses comics-type illustration and classic poster size to present strong images of the lead characters and the sea. Already, the use of the classic movie poster lay-out is laid and presented making this one in hand-lettering and cut and paste rendition one for the books. Color The use of the yellow/brown and red combination is another notable characteristic of this movie poster. It is catchy with a huge single image in symmetrical balance with the lead credits. However, its catch line superimposed on the image is not very noticeable or striking. Lettering The Guns of Navarone is also hand-executed with uneven yet type-cast style showing ethnic influence in the design and lettering. The bigger presentation of the lead character names overshadow the movie title, showing that the characters are more saleable than the story plot. Or that each could help sell the other. A witty approach towards commercialism. Spatial Lay-out The use of space and overall design of the poster is pleasing and symmetrical. It is also-well-balanced and does not stray the attention away from it. The Magnificent Seven. Design The Magnificent Seven uses the number image as its main design structure showcasing the face of the lead characters. It has a convincing approach to the use of graphics and confining images in a relevant manner so as to emphasize the number. Color Once again, the colors red and yellow are very evident in this poster although the gray, black and white images of the faces and heads confined within the number add a balance that mutes the overwhelming yellow. The use of the neutrals or muted hues is very rational as use of human flesh colors could drown the effect red and yellow provide. However, additional color on the images below the number 7 could have provided more impact, intrigue and variety. Spatial Lay out The lay-out is quite crampy within the confines of the number 7, with much waste on the sides of each space. The limitation could have been the effect of printing graphics at that time. Use of machine is already evident at this poster and the font sizes and the wasted spaces provide a glimpse of experimentation being used. Lettering A combination of hand-executed lettering and machine type, this one shows the limitation of graphic design during the period. The Great Escape. Design Considered the quad poster, this one uses horizontal design to present the entire poster. The balance is achieved through the placement of small catch line on the left and the title and image on the center-right. Color The use of basic red and blue is very effective as black balances the off-white color of the reversed title in big fat fonts. Spatial lay out There is also the experimentation of text size in this poster. While balance is being achieved, there is also the wastage of some space where the catch line could have gained advantage. However, since commercial design was in its adolescent stage, this is forgivable. Lettering Machine seems to be the evident executor at this poster. Every letter size and type are uniformed and the limited use of space made it more obvious. Conclusion The period when photographs are hardly used, comic and book art illustrations were used in movie posters. These posters achieved classic popularity and acceptance due to use of what are typically accepted design concepts at that time; use of basic colors red, yellow and blue which appear striking against one another at the same time catchy in the commercial sense, attainment of balance and symmetry by not tilting the meter of text and photos to only a single side, or plain use of centering. The lay-out and ettering are evidently limited due to time and resources restrictions. However, in a period when posters were used as announcements and not exactly collectible graphic arts, these are acceptable norms for movie posters. Current trends, however, may provide new design concepts that may or may not be considered acceptable in any other given period. Design mutates, and popular taste is conditioned, influenced, as well as acquired. So does design and movie posters. Reference: Kinross, Robin (1992). â€Å"Conversation with Richard Hollis on Graphic Design History.†Ã‚   Journal of Design History 5 (3) 73-93. Hershenson, Bruce (1998). â€Å"A History of Movie Posters.† Reel Classics.

School Vouchers Essay -- Educational Vouchers Scholarships

One of the most important topics in government today is the issue of school vouchers. The two sides have remained deeply entrenched in their rival positions concerning this issue. Some wonder about the practicality of using the vouchers, while others wonder if it is defeating the purpose of the educational system. Educational vouchers can be very beneficial for both the student and even the school districts involved in the program. Many people do not realize the benefits of this program. Educational vouchers are something that many school districts need to implement due to their advantages. The benefits of educational vouchers very much outweigh the disadvantages.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Educational vouchers, also known as scholarships, redirect the flow of education funding, channeling it directly to individual families rather than to school districts. This allows families to select the public or private schools of their choice and have all or part of the tuition paid. These vouchers are funded by either public (government) or private (corporations, foundations) funds. Scholarships are advocated on the grounds that parental choice and competition between public and private schools will improve education for all children (www.schoolchoices.org).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Publicly-funded education vouchers allow families to make private decisions regarding how public taxpayer money should be spent. Therefore, a voucher program hopes to create an educational market where schools must compete for students. Supporters claim market benefits, such as choice and innovation, will improve education. Opponents, on the other hand, say that vouchers will lead to greater inequality and the loss of civic preparation. Current evidence concerning the impact of vouchers is disputed (IBID.).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Zelman versus Simmons-Harris court case that ended on June 22, 2002, is probably one of the most monumental court cases to date on this subject. The United States Supreme Court upheld a Cleveland, Ohio school voucher program by a 5-4 vote. Judges Rehnquist, O’Connor, Kennedy, Scalia, and Thomas were for the decision (www.law.umkc.edu). This case was the latest in a long series of Supreme Court decisions that eroded constitutional requirements for school voucher programs.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In order to comply with these constitutional requirements, a constitutional voucher program must take many actions. The prog... ...oney to afford a better school. If the administrators continue to allow this, we are denying our children’s’ rights to a good, quality education. School vouchers are something that can guarantee a parent the right to send the student to any school that would best fit his learning style and values. Voucher programs are perhaps the most effective way to help low-income families become active consumers in the educational marketplace, helping them gain control over their children’s education and encouraging them to become more involved. Educational vouchers are a way of putting the student first†¦which should be the main goal of educational personnel everywhere. By implementing an educational voucher program, schools will better themselves and students across the nation will reap in the benefits. WORKS CITED â€Å"Case Analysis.† Americans United for the Separation of Church and State. www.au.org â€Å"Education Vouchers.† www.ncspe.org . â€Å"School Choices.† www.schoolchoices.org/roo/vouchers.htm . â€Å"So You Wanna Learn About School Vouchers?† www.soyouwanna.com/site/pros_cons/vouchers.html â€Å"Zelman v. Simmons-Harris.† www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/conlaw/zelman.html .

Martha Graham Essay examples -- Dance Dancing Choreography Essays

Martha Graham Martha Graham was one of the most influential figures in American modern dance, and her techniques and styles are still practiced today. She became widely known throughout all ages and decades. Her first debut was in the 1920's. As time went on, she became more experienced and wiser in the modern dance field. Martha Graham, whose style was considered controversial, became one of the finest choreographers and dancers in the dance world. In 1894 Martha was born in Allegheny, Pennsylvania (Pratt 8). She was the daughter of Jane Beers and George Graham. Her father was a well-known physician who treated mental disorders. After living in Pennsylvania for 12 years, she and her family moved to Santa Barbara, California in 1908 (Harmon et al. 182). This was where she started studying modern dance in her earlier years. Martha's father played a big role in her life. Dr. Graham inspired his daughter to search for the meaning behind people's actions. As she sat in her father's office, she would look at the patients in bewilderment. The patients would blurt out words and move their arms and legs in a wild manner, making her even more curious about people's actions (Pratt 13). Dr. Graham then took his daughter to a performance of Ruth St. Denis in 1911 where she was mesmerized by the dancers (Harmon et al. 182). Martha entered Cumnock School of Expression after graduating from high school. There she trained in dance, drama, and self-expressions. Martha's love to study people's actions was incredibly strong. After Graham graduated from the junior college in 1916, she then enrolled in Denishawn School of Dance (182). She was recognized at the school for her talent and determination, not her potential a... ...d a bad case of pneumonia. Graham died on April 1, 1991 (100). Graham led an exciting and fulfilling life. Although her audiences may have had to get used to her innovative style of modern dance, she accomplished her dreams throughout the years and became a big success. Martha Graham became one of the finest dancers and choreographers in the world. Works Cited Harmon, Justin, et al. American Cultural Leaders. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO 1993. McLanathan, Richard and Gene Brown ed. The Arts. New York: New York Times Company, 1978. Mille, Agnes de and Helene Oblensky. American Dances. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc., 1980. "Modern Dance." Microsoft Encarta. 1997 ed. Pratt, Paula Bryant. The Importance of Martha Graham. San Diego: Lucent Books, Inc., 1995. Switzer, Ellen. Dancers! Horizons in American Dance. New York: Atheneum, 1982.

Shaping Identity Using Social Structure

INTRODUCTION Social structure and social interaction are integral in evaluating a person’s identity. Identities are the sets of meanings people hold for themselves that define â€Å"what it means† to be who they are as persons, as role occupants and as group members (PJB article) People are generally influenced by the norms and beliefs of society. A person’s identity is formed through a combination of factors derived from social structure (macrosociology) and social interaction (microsociology).The self influences society through the actions of individuals thereby creating groups, organizations, networks, and institutions (PJB a soiciological approach to self and identity). Reciprocally, society influences the self through its shared language and meanings that enable a person to take the role of the other, engage in social interaction, and reflect upon oneself as an object. (PJB, a sociological approach to self and identity). This essay explores how components of social structure can be more important in shaping an individual identity than social interaction.PARAGRAPH 1 (Definitions& Context) Social structure refers to the framework that surrounds us, consisting of the relationships of people and groups, which gives direction to and sets limits on behaviour. (Sociology, A Down to Earth Approach SDEA) K Plummer defines social structures as the patterns of predictable human actions that cluster around key problems in living and they vary in all societies. Social structure is all around us and is what helps to dictate our behaviour and keep our life in order.It sets the scene for an individual to behave and act appropriately in different settings at different times. Social structure is made up of culture, social class, social status, roles, groups and social institutions (SDEA). Social interaction is the way that people interact with one another (SDEA). According to K Plummer, human beings engage continually in social action and interaction wi th others – changing their own lives and others. We are never solitary individuals and always depend on others for a sense of who we are (K Plummer).A person’s action is influenced by the actions or awareness of others. Social interaction includes stereotypes, personal space, touching, eye contact, smiling, applied body language, dramaturgy, role performance, conflict and strain (SDEA). The difference between social structure and social interaction is that social structure provides a guide to everyday life and social interaction provides a meaning of sense (ref)? PARAGRAPH 2 Social status refers to a position that someone occupies (SDEA). Statuses can be prestigious or less prestigious and range from mother, daughter, spouse, lawyer to criminal.Most individuals are found to occupy several statuses simultaneously thus giving us the term ‘status set’(SDEA). For example, an individual can take on the status of mother, wife, employee and friend. Out of all the statuses we occupy, there is one significant status that tends to override all the other statuses one may occupy, this is termed as a ‘master status’ (SDEA). Status can be further divided into two types, ‘achieved status’ and ‘ascribed status’. To illustrate ‘achieved status’, Usain Bolt is best known for being the fastest man in the world.We see him as a 26 year old Jamaican track and field athlete, a son and brother, but ever since winning both 100 meter and 200 meter races in the London 2012 Olympics, his achievements has earned him that title. ‘Achieved status’ can be both positive and negative (SDEA). By contrast, factors that are involuntary and inherited such as race, sex, family social class, is known as ‘ascribed status’ (SDEA). These factors are usually beyond our control. As life brings change, so too do our statuses. It is constantly evolving according to changes and stages in life.Despite our state of affairs, it is our status that guides our behaviour. For instance, a colleague may turn up to work one day after facing some difficulties at home, however in a work environment, he would continue to work and behave in a professional manner regardless of his personal situations. In addition, individuals can also reinforce their identity by using status symbols in as part of their appearance. This can be in the form of a work uniform to signify an occupation, or in a fashion sense, the type of clothing worn is a silent statement of what sets you apart from others.PARAGRAPH 3 As Linton states, â€Å"a person holds a status, and performs a role†. Simply put, a status is a position and a role is a set of behaviours. With each status, follows a certain role for us to take part in. People tend to adapt to roles, moving through different roles in fluency as student, son, friend. Because people tend to have many different statuses and therefore, many different roles, conflic t occasionally occurs among the various roles. The concept of role conflict is â€Å"conflict among the roles connected to two or more statuses† (ref).A good example of role conflict lies in the working mother; she must take on the responsibilities of mothering the children at home while taking on the responsibilities of working outside the home, away from the children, in order to earn an income (RR). This kind of conflict involves roles which arise from separate statuses, but the same sort of conflict can occur from the roles of a single status. Role strain, then, is â€Å"tension among the roles connected to a single status†. A teacher, for example, can be friendly with his or her students, but must remain objective in grading them.Roles help to keep our behaviour aligned to our particular status. Roles are an essential component of social structure because they lay out what is expected of people. Role performance is the way in which someone performs a role, showing a particular ‘style’ or ‘personality’ (SDEA). Role performance allows us our own unique individuality to show through. PARAGRAPH 4 â€Å"Knowledge is power, information is liberating, education is the premise of progress in every society in every family†. These famous words quoted by Kofi Annan refer to a few social institutions that are a part of social structure.Social instituitions consist of family, religion, education, economics, medicine, politics, law, science, military and mass media (SDEA). Each one functions separately but together they enable society to maintain order and create a sense of community. The mass media influences our attitudes toward social issues, the ways that we view other people and even our self-concept (SDEA). Information in the media can be extremely persuasive, it can easily alter our perception if we are not careful or have very little experience in the topic of interest. They not only provide information and recreat ion but also mould public opinion and attitudes.The information and knowledge which we accumulate through life from media is part of creating an identity for ourselves. To demonstrate, smoking advertisements have been around to promote awareness and advises us of serious health implications. However, today’s youth may view it differently and partake in it because of peer pressure. On the other hand, media can also bring nations together when there is an important event such as the Olympics, press conferences and so on (RR). The topic of religion is another social institution as it involves patterns of beliefs and behavior that help a society meet its basic needs (steven Burkan).Emile Durkheim (1915/1947) [1] observed long ago that every society has beliefs about things that are supernatural and awe-inspiring and beliefs about things that are more practical and down-to-earth (Durkheim, E. (1947). The elementary forms of religious life (J. Swain, Trans. ). Glencoe, IL: Free Pre ss. (Original work published 1915)). Religion teaches us to practise a way of life that is fulfilling for self and others, thus enabling individuals to become better people. This can also create a meaning of identity for some. The other social institutions such as education, politics, law and the military keeps society safe and in order.They inform us of rules and regulations so that society can function and maintain order. Each social institution establish the context which we live, shaping our behaviour and colouring our thoughts. (SDEA). Social institutions form the pillars of society, they are not only a set of rules, but markers for society to develop an identity that is aligned with culture. CONCLUSION Which is more important in shaping individual identity? Studies of social structure attempt to explain the significance of shaping one’s identity and in combination play a vital role in defining an individual.It is the content, which provides a way of making sense of who we are. This provides development to an identity which individuals are embedded in and therefore understood, communicated, and shared with others in culture. For example, individuals can define their identity upon meeting someone for the first time by describing what they do, where they are from or whether or not they are in a relationship. Social structure as we can see today can shape opinions, attitudes and thought which leads us to our behaviour and thus our identity.